When The Globe Theatre Was Built

When Was the Globe Theatre Built? Unpacking the History of Shakespeare's Stage

The Globe Theatre, synonymous with William Shakespeare and the golden age of English theatre, holds a captivating place in history. But when exactly was this iconic structure built? Understanding its construction date requires delving into the rich tapestry of Elizabethan London and the theatrical landscape of the time. This article will explore not only the precise year of the Globe's construction but also the context surrounding its creation, its design, and its enduring legacy.

The Genesis of the Globe: A Pre-Globe Era

Before we pinpoint the construction date, it's crucial to understand the theatrical scene preceding the Globe. Shakespeare's company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men), initially performed at various locations, including indoor venues like the Blackfriars Theatre. However, they craved a larger, outdoor space to cater to a broader audience. This desire, coupled with the growing popularity of Shakespeare's plays, paved the way for the construction of the Globe.

The Lord Chamberlain's Men weren't starting from scratch. They had experience with outdoor performance spaces. Before the Globe, they used temporary structures and other existing playhouses. This prior experience undoubtedly informed their vision for the Globe and influenced its design.

The Year of Construction: 1599 – A Landmark Year for Theatre

The Globe Theatre was built in 1599. This date is well-established through historical records and research. While the exact construction timeline might be debated among scholars, the year 1599 stands as a definitive marker. The building of the Globe wasn't a sudden decision; it represented the culmination of years of growth and success for Shakespeare's company. They had amassed sufficient capital and influence to undertake such an ambitious project.

Location, Location, Location: Southwark's Bankside

The Globe’s location was crucial to its success. It was constructed on the south bank of the River Thames, in the area known as Bankside, Southwark. This location offered several advantages:

• Accessibility: Southwark was relatively easily accessible by boat from the north bank, making it convenient for audiences from various parts of London.
• Legal Ambiguity: Being outside the City of London’s jurisdiction offered a degree of freedom from the stricter regulations imposed on theatrical performances within the city walls.
• Existing Infrastructure: The area already had a thriving entertainment scene, with bear-baiting rings and other public spectacles, establishing a pre-existing audience base.

The chosen plot of land was likely influenced by the existing presence of other playhouses in the area, demonstrating the growing theatrical hub that Bankside was becoming.

The Architect and Construction: A Collaborative Effort

While we don’t know the name of the architect who designed the Globe, its construction undoubtedly involved a collaborative effort of carpenters, builders, and other skilled laborers. The structure was likely built using readily available materials, primarily timber, reflective of the architectural style of the time. The speed of construction suggests a well-organized and efficient process, reflecting the company's eagerness to open its new theatre.

The architectural design was pragmatic and functional. It needed to accommodate a large audience, provide a stage suitable for Shakespeare's dynamic plays, and be structurally sound enough to withstand the elements. The resulting design, a three-tiered, open-air structure, became a prototype for other Elizabethan playhouses.

The Globe's Design: A Functional Masterpiece

The Globe's design was a masterpiece of practicality, reflecting the needs of Elizabethan theatre. Key features included:

• The Yard: A central open-air space where the "groundlings" – the less affluent members of the audience – stood to watch the performance.
• The Galleries: Three tiered galleries surrounded the yard, providing seating for wealthier patrons.
• The Stage: A raised platform extending into the yard, with a trapdoor for special effects.
• The Tiring-House: A building at the rear of the stage, providing access for actors and storage for props and costumes. The tiring-house also featured upper levels that could be used as part of the stage setting.
• The Heavens: A canopy above the stage, featuring painted celestial scenes.

These elements created a dynamic and immersive theatrical experience, blurring the lines between actors and audience. The Globe's design wasn't merely a functional space; it was an integral part of the theatrical performance itself.

Life at the Globe: A Vibrant Theatrical Hub

Once constructed, the Globe became a bustling hub of theatrical activity. Shakespeare’s company, performing his most famous works, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, drew huge crowds. The atmosphere was energetic, with the sounds and smells of the city mingling with the spectacle unfolding on stage. The Globe was more than just a theatre; it was a social gathering place, a reflection of Elizabethan London itself. Performances attracted a diverse audience, from the elite to the commoners, further cementing the Globe's position in the heart of London's cultural life.

The Globe's Demise and Rebirth: A Legacy Intact

The original Globe Theatre met a fiery end in 1613 when a cannon, part of a stage effect during a performance of Henry VIII, ignited the thatched roof, causing a devastating fire. While the original Globe was lost to flames, its legacy lived on. The building of the Globe was a pivotal moment in theatrical history. It solidified the success of Shakespeare's company and established a model for playhouses that influenced theatre design for generations. This model became so influential that it is still used today when designing new theatres around the world.

The Modern Globe: A Reconstruction and a Tribute

In the late 20th century, a reconstruction of the Globe Theatre was undertaken, opening in 1997. While not an exact replica, the modern Globe strives to capture the spirit and design of its Elizabethan predecessor. This reconstruction serves as a powerful testament to the enduring influence of the original Globe and allows modern audiences to experience Shakespeare's plays in a setting approximating the one intended by the playwright and his company. It is a living monument, a tribute to the architectural and cultural significance of the original Globe Theatre. Visiting the modern Globe allows one to appreciate the ingenuity of the original design and understand the historical significance of the playhouse.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

• What materials were used to build the original Globe Theatre? Primarily timber, reflecting the common building materials of the Elizabethan era. Thatch was also used for the roof, which unfortunately contributed to its destruction by fire.

• Who funded the construction of the Globe? The Lord Chamberlain's Men, Shakespeare's acting company, financed the construction, pooling their resources and likely relying on the anticipated profits from performances.

• Was the Globe Theatre the only playhouse in London at the time? No, several playhouses existed in London during the Elizabethan period, but the Globe quickly became one of the most prominent and successful. Its location and the popularity of Shakespeare’s plays contributed to its standing.

• How many people could the Globe Theatre hold? Estimates vary, but it likely could accommodate between 2,000 and 3,000 spectators. The yard alone would have held a significant portion of the audience.

• What happened to the actors after the Globe burned down? Shakespeare’s company continued to perform, relocating to other theatres, including the Blackfriars Theatre, an indoor venue.

Conclusion: A Lasting Legacy

The construction of the Globe Theatre in 1599 marked a pivotal moment in theatrical history. It wasn't just the building of a playhouse; it was the creation of a cultural icon. The Globe's design, location, and the plays performed within its walls shaped the development of English theatre and left an enduring legacy that continues to inspire and captivate audiences centuries later. The modern reconstruction serves as a powerful reminder of this legacy, allowing us to connect with the past and appreciate the genius of Shakespeare and the artisans who built the Globe. The year 1599 remains a significant date, a cornerstone in the story of theatre and one that continues to resonate with audiences worldwide.