What Is The White Of An Egg Called

What is the White of an Egg Called? A Deep Dive into Albumen

The seemingly simple question, "What is the white of an egg called?", opens a door to a fascinating world of culinary science, protein chemistry, and surprising versatility. While commonly referred to as "egg white," the technical and more accurate term is albumen. This article delves into the composition, properties, and uses of albumen, exploring its role in cooking, baking, and even beyond the kitchen. We'll uncover its surprising history and scientific intricacies, moving beyond the simple name to reveal the complex nature of this remarkable substance.

Understanding Albumen: More Than Just Egg White

The viscous, transparent liquid surrounding the yolk in a chicken egg is, scientifically speaking, albumen. This is a complex protein mixture, not a single substance. It’s a crucial part of the egg, providing protection for the yolk and acting as a nutrient source for the developing chick (should the egg be fertilized). But its importance extends far beyond the avian world. Humans have harnessed the unique properties of albumen for centuries, incorporating it into countless recipes and applications.

The term "albumen" comes from the Latin word albus, meaning "white." This reflects the clear, slightly opalescent appearance of the raw egg white. However, the appearance changes with cooking; it becomes opaque and white due to the denaturation of proteins within the albumen.

Composition of Egg White (Albumen)

Albumen is primarily composed of water (around 88%), but the remaining 12% is where the magic happens. This comprises a complex mixture of proteins, primarily:

• Ovalbumin: This is the most abundant protein in egg white, making up about 54% of the total protein content. Ovalbumin is a glycoprotein, meaning it contains carbohydrate chains attached to the protein molecule. It plays a key role in the foaming properties of egg whites, essential in meringue and soufflés.

• Ovotransferrin (Conalbumin): This protein constitutes about 12% of the egg white protein and acts as an iron-binding protein. This is crucial for preventing bacterial growth, as iron is a necessary nutrient for many bacteria. Ovotransferrin also contributes to the stability of egg white foams.

• Ovomucoid: This protein comprises around 11% of the egg white protein. It's a glycoprotein with anti-trypsin activity, meaning it inhibits the action of certain digestive enzymes. This protein can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

• Lysozyme: This enzyme makes up around 3.5% of the egg white protein and is a natural antimicrobial agent. It breaks down bacterial cell walls, helping to protect the egg from infection. Lysozyme is also used commercially in various applications, including food preservation.

• Ovomucin: This glycoprotein is responsible for the viscous, thick consistency of the egg white. It plays a critical role in the structure of the egg white and contributes to its foaming properties.

• Other proteins: Several other proteins are present in smaller quantities, each contributing to the overall properties of albumen.

The Amazing Properties of Albumen: From Foams to Bindings

The unique composition of albumen gives it a range of extraordinary properties that make it invaluable in cooking and other applications. These properties include:

• Foaming: Egg whites are renowned for their ability to whip into stable foams, which are essential in recipes like meringues, soufflés, and angel food cakes. The proteins in albumen, particularly ovalbumin and ovomucin, unfold and entrap air bubbles, creating a light and airy texture. The stability of the foam is influenced by factors such as the freshness of the eggs, the whipping technique, and the presence of any fats or sugars.

• Binding: Albumen's ability to bind ingredients together is crucial in many dishes. It acts as a glue, holding components together in meatballs, fritters, and other recipes. The proteins coagulate during cooking, forming a matrix that binds the ingredients.

• Emulsifying: Though less effective than egg yolks, egg whites can still contribute to emulsification, the process of combining two immiscible liquids, like oil and water. They are particularly useful in stabilizing emulsions that require a less rich texture.

• Clarifying: The protein in egg whites can be used to clarify broths and stocks, removing impurities and creating a crystal-clear liquid. The proteins coagulate and trap the impurities, leaving a purified broth behind.

• Thickening: Though not as strong as other thickening agents, egg whites can contribute to the thickening of certain sauces and custards. The proteins coagulate during heating, leading to a slightly thicker consistency.

Albumen in Cooking: A Versatile Ingredient

The culinary applications of albumen are vast and varied, spanning sweet and savory dishes alike. Here are just a few examples:

• Meringues: The quintessential example of albumen's foaming abilities, meringues rely entirely on the ability of egg whites to create a stable, airy foam, often incorporating sugar for sweetness and stability.

• Soufflés: These light and airy dishes utilize the foaming and binding properties of egg whites to create a delicate texture and structure.

• Angel Food Cake: This classic cake relies on the whipped egg whites for its light and spongy texture.

• Macarons: The delicate shells of macarons depend on perfectly whipped egg whites for their structure and texture.

• Meatballs and Meatloaf: Egg whites help bind the meat together, creating a cohesive texture and preventing the dish from falling apart.

• Fritters: They act as a binder, giving the fritters structure and preventing them from falling apart.

• Mayonnaise (partially): While egg yolks are the primary emulsifier in mayonnaise, some recipes incorporate egg whites for added stability and volume.

• Clarified Broths: Egg whites are used to clarify broths, resulting in a clean and clear stock.

Albumen Beyond the Kitchen: Surprising Applications

The versatility of albumen extends beyond culinary uses. Its unique properties have found application in various fields:

• Biotechnology: Albumen is used in various biotechnological applications, including as a stabilizer in pharmaceuticals and as a coating material for medical devices. Its ability to bind and protect other substances makes it valuable in these fields.

• Cosmetics: Albumen is sometimes included in beauty products, utilizing its moisturizing and binding properties.

• Industrial Applications: Albumen is used as a binder in some industrial applications, such as paper production and textiles.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: Are egg whites and albumen the same thing?

A: While colloquially we use "egg white," the correct scientific term is albumen. They refer to the same substance.

Q: Can I substitute egg whites with other ingredients?

A: While some recipes may allow for substitutions depending on their goal (e.g., using aquafaba for vegan meringue), it's crucial to understand that albumen's unique properties may not be fully replicated. The results might vary.

Q: How do I store egg whites?

A: Store egg whites in an airtight container in the refrigerator for up to 4 days. You can also freeze them for longer storage.

Q: Are egg whites healthy?

A: Egg whites are a low-calorie, high-protein food source, rich in essential amino acids. They are generally considered healthy, although individuals with egg allergies should avoid them.

Q: What happens to albumen when it's cooked?

A: When heated, the proteins in albumen undergo denaturation, changing their shape and structure. This leads to the coagulation and whitening of the egg white.

Conclusion: Appreciating the Wonders of Albumen

From the seemingly simple question of what the white of an egg is called, we've journeyed through a fascinating exploration of albumen. Its composition, properties, and versatility are remarkable, underscoring its importance in culinary arts and beyond. Understanding albumen's multifaceted nature allows us to appreciate the incredible power of this humble yet extraordinary substance, and to utilize its properties effectively in a vast range of applications. Next time you crack an egg, take a moment to marvel at the complex chemistry and rich history held within that clear, viscous albumen.